“UNLEAVENED BREAD ”                                                                    “Leaven” –  It’s Not What You Think                                              The Radical Revelation Unveiling from Jesus                    

 

“And He-said, the LORD, to Moses, “Still a blow/a plague, one (more) I-cause-to-come upon Pharaoh and Mitzraim; afterwards he is [intentionally] sending YOU[ALL] away from here.  In-his-[intentionally]-sending-you-away altogether, he will surely drive-out/thrust [with intention]  YOU[ALL] from here.””                                                                                      Exodus 11:1 (lit. from Mssrtc text.)                                              (Words in square brackets indicate what is                                       understood by the previous Heb. word  used)

    “This month, is, to you, a beginning of months, – the first, it is, to you, of     the months of the year.  On the tenth of this month they are each one to         take a lamb,  — A lamb without defect, a male a year old,  …  until the fourteenth day of the same month, then the whole assembly of the congregation of Israel is to kill it at  twilight.  … they shall eat the flesh in that night, having-been-roasted with fire; and UNLEAVENED bread upon [with] bitters (bitter herbs) are they eating it.                                                                                                                                                               Exodus  12:2, 3b, 5a, 6, 8                                                                    (REB, NASB,, Lit frm Mssrtc text)

    God’s words from Exodus 11:1 have been reverberating in my heart and mind for days.  The LORD was telling Moses, in effect, “One more blow, … and he will surely let you go!”  I had read this verse  several times previously.  Now, suddenly, seeing it in the Hebrew text one morning, in pursuing the LORD to understand from Him what He was unveiling concerning Leavened and Unleavened Bread, wanting to know why He was making big of “Unleavened Bread”,  Ex. 11:1 popped off the page.

     Through these last months I’ve been finding myself going backwards in this accounting of the deliverance of the Hebrews from out of Egypt – from the time they’d entered the desert, heading towards Mt. Sinai, back to their time in Egypt …  and I’m stunned at the impact of God’s words to Moses in this Ex. 11:1 proclamation.

—What becomes apparent, Beloved, in beginning to  let sink into your heart and mind the magnitude of Passover – of the Lamb slain, the blood spilled and stricken to the door posts, the flesh consumed – is that Everything from the LORD later set up in the wilderness – the tabernacle pattern, the camp’s set up pattern, all the sacrifices, the ways He’s leading them throughout the forty years till when Joshua crosses the Jordan into their promised inheritance, even the actions Joshua would take there in those early days – all these things point back to this proclamation from Him – “one more Blow” – the very way this “Blow” was to be accomplished.

     God the LORD, YHVH, had been systematically demolishing, through His successive judgments, the siege strengths of Egypt, of Mitzraim.  It was all a working, likewise, to destroy the confidence in their own power to hold the Hebrews to increasingly unbearable toil in their slavery.

—Though outwardly seen as judgments against Pharaoh and his taskmaster people, the nine plagues poured out in a period, it appears, of over a year, were still not understood by the Hebrews because of the reneging, by Pharaoh, of each promised release.  They were not seeing the wisdom of YHVH towards them in this systematic siege strength destruction, that He was after their believing Him to begin AND to augment – a kingdom mindset change – from slavery mentality to trusting into His goodness to break the chains of bondage in order to triumphantly lead them out so as to triumphantly lead them into possessing His promised inheritance!  (Ex. 9:31, in speaking of the barley that had been ruined in its early stage, by the plague of hail, shows this to have taken place in spring.  Several more plagues would be sent before Passover, the last, – the final blow – which would take place at the beginning of the following spring – Ex. 12:2,13:4). 

     Still, it wasn’t as if God wasn’t noticing their despondency.  So it was that He was going to use this “one more blow” to make the statement to, and INTO, His own people. Then, as a result of His mighty and Awesome good greatness towards His people, towards impacting nations as to Him being the only true and powerful God. 

    Accordingly, therefore, it was to be this “One more Blow” judgment specifically that He was going to likewise set, in this and each proceeding generation, through a celebration to last seven days, in order to become a LIVING impact statement.  It was to be such a marked heart-scar/circumcision, a speaking, living Grace-Truth reality, a living working faith by which kingdom thinking was to grow generationally, corner-stoned, if you will, foundationed, and built upon the truth and power of … a lamb that was slain. 

—It would be a feast to be begun at Passover, in the early days of every single year, so as to make and be the heart scar remembrance throughout each ENTIRE year, in order for their faith into Him –their kingdom mentality – to be exactly that … a KING’s dominion mindset, a living BELIEVING based upon the testimony of the dominative force and power of that one single event … A Lamb that had been slain!

—It was to establish an ongoing unveiling to each individual, to each family and tribe, indeed, to the entire nation – YHVH’s holy nation – the greatness of His Chesed/Chanan goodness, His amazing Lovingkindness and Grace, His true heart towards them to be a Kingly people who lived in this, AND THEREFORE ACCORDINGLY expressed the same from out of their lives (Ex. 19:5-6; Deut. 10:14-22 et al). 

—The seed of Abraham had had destiny, Kingdom destiny, from Heaven, set into them to impact nations.  It was to be the message of … the gospel – the “Good News” of the Kingdom – because of the Sacrificed Lamb! (Gen. 12:3; 17:5-6; 22:18; Gal. 3:8 et al). 

—This, Beloved, is the foundation for understanding what is the feast of Unleavened Bread   …  Selah  …

      …  and also for understanding the principle of Leaven.

     There is in scripture, in this “one more blow” action of the LORD, a connected statement, a monster asseveration (a vehement assertion of truth) that points to, that prophetically declares boldly , the “one more blow”  accomplishment of Golgatha’s Lamb sacrificed.  In the night of their eating of the Passover Lamb, look at what was the ultimate doing by the LORD.

“I will pass along, therefore, throughout the land of Egypt, this night, and will smite every firstborn in the land of Egypt,                              from man even to beast,                                                                                             —and, against all the gods of Egypt, will I execute judgments                       —I, Yahweh.”                                                                                                                                                                                            Exodus 12:12 (REB)

“on the fifteenth day of the first month; on the next day after the Passover the sons of Israel started out boldly … — while the Egyptians were burying all their firstborn whom the LORD had struck down among them.  The LORD had also executed judgments on their gods.”                                                                                                                                                   excrpts frm Num. 33: 3 & 4a (NASB)

“And you — being dead in the trespasses and the uncircumcision of your flesh — He made alive together with him, having forgiven you all the trespasses, having blotted out the handwriting in the ordinances that is against us, that was contrary to us, and he hath taken it out of the way, having nailed it to the cross; having stripped the principalities and the authorities, he made a shew of them openly — having triumphed over them in it”  (The “it” is referring the “cross”, the last word in v14).                                                                                                                                                                                                                Colossians 2:13-15 (YLT)

    We say that all the judgments in Egypt were against their gods.  Yet scripture specifically speaks to the last judgment, Passover, in conjunction to the judgments upon their gods.

—Examine this: the 3rd judgment, of gnats, is when the magicians of Pharaoh acknowledged the finger of the God of the Hebrews.  The 7th judgment, of hail, more of Pharaoh’s servants began to fear Israel’s God through the word of the LORD through Moses.  By the 8th judgment, of locusts, ALL of his servants were begging Pharaoh to listen to Moses.  Nothing brought about the complete collapse of Pharaoh’s belief in his own deity, it seems, and the strength of his gods until the very last judgment.

—The Passover Lamb sacrificed, the blood, specifically, on the dwellings of  the Hebrews, was the final blow bringing down the final siege strength confidence of all the false gods, most especially the god whom the Pharaoh himself, as well as his first-born son, represented.

—The breath of life belonged to YHVH, the God of the Hebrews, not to any of the gods of Egypt, especially to “ra” whom Pharoah represented.  (Look up the word “ra” in Hebrew.  In my studies I found that this name is NOT Egyptian in origin … it is a Shemitic word.  When you find it, you will gain understanding).

—Pharaoh’s own breath, as a representation of this supreme god of Mitzraim, no longer, by his son’s breath having been taken, bore witness … to himself …  as having any more authority and power, in comparison to this Hebrew God Who stripped him of his siege strength confidence in his own deity.  The ultimate and supreme terminating blow of Passover forever severed Mitzraim’s ultimate slavery grip.

—Whatever spiritual authorities and/or powers of darkness that had maintained its iron hand were completely stripped of its might and force in the judgment by the sacrifice, by each household, of a lamb …  are you listening, Beloved?

     This should have been a marked remembrance scarring upon the hearts of the freed-from-slavery Hebrews! 

       … but is wasn’t.

     Look again at the Numbers’ passage above.  Let sink for a moment into you, Dear One, what it must have looked like to the Hebrews as they marched out in the sight of their former taskmasters, while they gazed over to see all those Egyptian families burying their dead.

—Although it had to have been great joy to alas be set free from a lifetime of severe slavery, I wonder if, too, there was a nudge of fear in these marching free seed-of-Abraham to realize the only reason they weren’t joining the Egyptians in the burial process was that a Lamb’s blood on their doorposts kept this terror blow from touching them! 

—The only true God, theirs, was stronger and so much more powerful than all the gods of Mitzraim combined.  What a radical, radical foundation for trusting in the God of their forefathers, Who was making Himself known to them in order to become to them … their God! … to forever be to them their ONLY God! (Gen.17:7)

       “For the kingdom of God does not consist in words but in power.                   “so that your faith would … rest …on the power of God.”                                                                                                       I Corinthians 4:20; 2:5 (NASB)

    There is a grave exposure remembered centuries later, by Stephen, the day he was martyred, concerning this generation of his forefathers, indeed, the very forefathers of the entire full-of-hatred-and-murder Sanhedrin sitting around him.  Quoting from the prophet Amos, Stephen reminded them the word of YHVH, the God whom they held fast to saying they believed in Him:

” ‘Did you offer slain beasts and sacrifices to Me forty years in the wilderness, O house of Israel?  And you took up the tabernacle of Moloch and the star of your god Rephan, the images that you made to worship them ‘ “                                                                                                                                                                     Acts 7:42b-43a (Berean Lit. Bible)

    Stephen’s and the Sanhedrin’s forefathers, who’d witnessed the greatness of the display of the Mighty hand of their Awesome God, did not let the power of what their God did, in freeing them from the tyranny and slavery of Pharaoh and Mitzraim’s gods, to sink into their hearts and minds.  The literal heart, mind, and soul rebirth into this new life of freedom because of the Only God that could do this for them, the kingdom mindset change that was to have occurred because of the final and ultimate accomplishment of the “one more Blow”,  did not come to be in that generation, save Caleb and Joshua.

—The wisdom of the foolishness of the LORD, of YHVH, of the power of his outstretched arm and hand, the very mystery of the cross of the Lamb He would see for sacrifice, for blood shed, even the bitterness of their slavery forever severed, did not get heart-scarred into Stephen’s forefathers!

—And thus their ears never made it open TO HEAR YHVH, their God, in the wilderness … and all the way through to the religious leaders about to condemn Stephen, these who had delivered over that Lamb Whom YHVH had seen for sacrifice some 1500 years earlier on Mt. Moriah.

     All that has been written above is intentional, Beloved, I believe, from the LORD.  Because what impact of Passover has been unveiled is exactly the impact that the seven day feast of unleavened bread is to be to us. The mystery of leaven and unleavened bread – Kingdom mindset change – has to be unveiled in the New Covenant by which we live so as for our everyday daily lives to be expressed increasingly through our King, Christ Jesus, our very LORD’s throne-seated position, in Whose Life is our life hid, in Whose present Resurrected Kingly life revealed is our life, here, on earth, made manifest (Col. 3:1-4).

Selah …

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Unveiling Leaven and Unleavened Bread

Leaven

     We have so often equated “leaven” with “sin”, and more precisely, with the action, “sinning”, along with its influence to taint those around such action.   But there is something else to this that surprised me from Jesus, establishing an understanding, wisdom in seeing why the LORD, in the O.T. was so adamant as to this feast pertaining to Passover and Mitzraim.  When I saw Jesus’s words concerning Leaven, the first mention of it in the New Testament, I realized there was a significance beyond what we have understood.

                               “The Kingdom of heaven is like leaven,                                                                which a woman took and hid in three pecks of meal,                                                                         until it was all leavened.”                                                                                                                                           Matthew 13:33b (NASB)

   Jesus is teaching the Kingdom of God (see Lk. 13:20-21).  He unveils here that leaven, in its inert working, is how the Kingdom’s reign comes to be within the heart of people.  In the Matthew 13 parables, in teaching the Kingdom of God, the foundation for “Kingdom” mentality –  having a Kingdom heart and mind – is wholly based upon the Word that has been sown into hearts.

   Do you recall that Jesus said, “Take care what you hear”, and “Take care how you hear”? (Mk. 4:24a/Lk. 8:18a).  Jesus was not saying to take care as to whatever it is to which you are listening, rather to take care what and how you hear concerning the Word of God.   God’s Word, which is the revelation of Jesus Christ and Him crucified – all that is the “finished work of the cross” –  has the power to utterly cleanse our conscience from wrong thinking , wrong believing; (Jhn. 15:3; Eph. 5:26; Heb. 9:14).   Jesus’s exhortation comes as the conclusion to His parable of the sower and the seed, contrasting the different “hearts”, in how they are hearing/receiving the Word of God.  Those who hear, and keep on hearing, not letting the ears of their hearts to be distracted by the noise of this age, the cares of this world, are those in whose hearts and lives is the Kingdom of God established AND augmenting … which is the hidden work of Divine … Leaven.  (I.e. Col. 1:5b-6).

     Hence, we understand that the words sown into our hearing make for our heart’s kingdom mentality, that is, into which (kingdom) is foundationed our believing.  (That which naturally comes out of mouths in our daily living reveals the kingdom thinking already established in our hearts -Lk 6:45; Mat. 12:34b ff).  That kingdom which has influenced – has captured – our hearts the most is that kingdom whose leaven has spread with effectiveness inside our lump of dough.  Are you listening, Beloved?  (Ps. 71:15a; Pro. 4:23).  “Faith“ AND “unbelief“ BOTH come by hearing!  (Rom. 10:17; Num. 13:31-4:3).  The more voluminous our attention, the greater that kingdom’s foundation and building, that is, that kingdom’s inert working, that Dominion’s leavening.

    Understanding this principle, Beloved, causes us to soberly consider the things to which we are giving attention – weightiness – in our ears, our eyes, our hearts.  (Please don’t read into this what is not at all being said; that one might get so heavenly minded he’d be of no earthly good.  Jesus Himself is our best example.  He was so heavenly minded of all that His Father willed for everyday people, and was still so touchable to, and friends the best with, sinners!)

    There is another aspect that we have to take into account: mixture thinking – both kingdom of God AND the kingdom of this present age.  This sort of double mindedness keeps us believing partly, yet never seems to be enough to get us into promised inheritance, leaving us short of [wholly] entering into those things gained for us by the cross of Christ; (see the exhortation of Heb. 4:1ff).  For there is just enough “sin”, or,  “missing-the-mark” consciousness, even this age’s “logic” mindset, both of which are a Mitzraim seige Stronghold lie, to keep one from outright believing the radical truth of what God’s Amazing Grace, Jesus’s sacrificed blood, has actually gained for us, that we are really allowed to inherit in this life!  [… an inheritance by reason of that (Awesome Grace) which is precisely what Divine Love is as a richness of unmerited favor from so crazy Amazing a God as is our heavenly Father through Jesus, … through so costly a valuation He put on each of us.  ( … Selah !!! … )].

     It was this very detail, Beloved – double mindedness as to God’s goodness – to which the feast of Unleavened Bread was to void emphatically, in the lives of His people.  The feast of Unleavened Bread was and is to be, as it were, the “sword to divide asunder soul and Spirit”.  We have so often heard said that the LORD got His people out of Egypt, but that generation did not get Egypt out of themselves.

So let’s unpack the mystery!

Unleavened (bread)

And Moses said unto the people—                                                                                 “[Ye are] to REMEMBER this day, on which ye came forth                                     out of Egypt [Mitzraim], out of the house of slaves, that, with strength            of hand, did Yahweh bring you forth from hence, (lit. “from this”) —                         there shall not, therefore, be eaten anything leavened.”                                                                                                                             Exodus 13:3 (REB)

And this day shall be to you for a memorial;                                                              and you shall keep it a feast to the LORD throughout your generations;     you shall keep it a feast by an ordinance for ever.                                              Seven days shall you eat unleavened bread;                                                                       even the first day you shall put away leaven out of your houses:           for whoever eats leavened bread from the first day until the seventh day,           that soul shall be cut off from Israel.                                                                                                                                                                    Exodus 12:14-15 (AKJV)

     The first accounting of the word  מַצָּה “matztzah” – “Unleavened (bread)” – is in Genesis 19, referring to a feast made by Lot, the nephew of Abraham, for the two angels who’d come to Sodom on the night the LORD, through those angels, delivered he and his family from a judgment to be poured out later that night.  This sets the foundation for understanding the LORD’s heart for the feast of Unleavened Bread. 

     The 2nd accounting of this word, Exodus 12:8, specifically attaches “matztzah” to Passover – again, yet more powerfully, the deliverance of the seed of Abraham, the nation descended from him, from a judgment, via a sacrifice of a lamb, poured out also later that night.  It is a deliverance foundationed upon a covenant having its root in another sacrifice some four centuries earlier by their forefather.  YHVH, their God, wanted this nation from Abraham’s loins relishing the sweet (I’m using this language intentionally) fulfillment of the Covenant to which He swore to him.  The kingdom destiny set by promise into Abraham was to begin to bear fruit through this nation birthed in Passover …  and unleaved bread!

     While it is so that in English, as well as in the N.T. Greek, the opposite word of “leaven” is “Unleavened”, (meaning, in both languages, “Without leaven”), it is not so in the Hebrew.  It is in seeing the two different words used for “leaven”, esp. the one used most often, as well as understanding the Hebrew root for “matztzah”/ “Unleavened (bread)”, that we begin to see God’s heart in His Amazing Grace towards us, what it is exactly that He wants us to so enjoy for the “seven” days beginning from Passover, AND what it is exactly that He adamantly DOESN’T want us consume with it.  If you will take this to heart, Beloved, you will understand what this all has to do with gaining a clearer “hearing heart”, why in so many Kairos newsletters there has been an emphasis reminder of Paul’s words in Eph. 4:31, “put away from you … clamor … “, that is, this age’s noise!

     We saw, from Jesus’s teaching, “Leaven” to be the inert working of an established Kingdom mentality.  Keep this in mind, in understanding why the LORD did not want leaven mixed with the Passover meal, and for the following set number of days. The predominant O.T. word for Leaven is  ” חָמֵץ – chametz (khaw-MATES)”. Its root means, “to be pungent, sour”, which fermenting process makes it so. This word, “sour”, can also be figuratively understood as “embitter, sharp,” (Ps. 73:21).  But there is another definition to this root word: “to be ruthless, harsh, cruel”, etc.  Look at the emboldened word in the following verse, from two translations. 

                   “My God, rescue me from the power of the wicked,                                                       from the hand of the cruel  oppressor!”                                                                                                                                                             Psalms 71:4 (NET)

      Oh my God, deliver me, From the hand of the lawless one,                       From the clutch of the perverse and ruthless one;                                                            .                                                           Psalms 71:4 (REB)

 Many translations use either “cruel” or “ruthless”.   Others use  “violent, oppressive.”  It is the Hebrew word  חוֹמֵץ – “chometz – (kho-MATES”), from ” חָמֵץ – chametz (khaw-MATES)”.  This exactly describes the character of Pharoah … and the devil, satan himself.  Psalms 71:4 resembles one of the last lines of prayer taught by Jesus: “Deliver us from the evil one.” (Mat. 6:13). 

     The second Hebrew word used for leaven is ” שְׂאֹר – S’OR – (Se-OAR), used only five times, and only by Moses.  Its root denotes, “that which is left over”.  S’or refers to the “swelling” process of leaven, the action of taking that which is small and causing it to swell so that there is excess, leftover.  The first usage of this “leaven” word is quoted above, from Ex. 12:15,  to remove all “leaven” from their houses.

    These two words, in connection with Mitzraim, the house of slaves/of slavery, refer to the kingdom under which they were cruelly oppressed … in all that their lives were, including their thinking, their mentality; it was subjugation ultimately to a god, whose man representative wore a  … cobra, a snake, on his forehead …                                                                                                                                                                                ...  but whose authority and power and lordship were utterly stripped in the “Lamb that was slain”.

       Is the picture clear, Beloved?

    “Matztzah”, “Unleavened (bread)”,  has its root in the word, “matzatz” (mawt-SATS), meaning, “to drain out”, that is, “to suck”,  “in the sense of greedily devouring for sweetness.” (1).  The root is used one time in scripture.

“That you may nurse  and be satisfied …                                                                       That you may suck and be delighted with the abundance of her glory.”                                                                                                   Isaiah 66:11 (NASB, ASB)

    Almighty God, YHVH, this Elohiym who made Himself known as the only true “STRENGTH, MIGHT, POWER … GOD!” to Abraham for the first time in Genesis 17, in covenanting the promised land to this generation eating the Passover lamb, this generation protected by that Lamb’s blood, was heart desiring to pour out the fulfillment of what “STRENGTH, MIGHT, POWER … GOD!” meant to this, Abraham’s seed.  The impact of “One more blow, … and he will surely let you go!” was to be so heart-scarred marked AND set for seven full days, so as to utterly “re-boot” their kingdom mentality to the Grace-Truth reality of the force and might and dominion … and lovingkindness, of the only True God …  YHVH … their God!   He wanted no remnant left over whatsoever of belief, of thinking, in even one small iota of any strength, might, power of any god or any man – no matter their real or perceived size – of any form of strength or might whatsoever from out of the kingdom of darkness that might get mixed with All Who He was and is to them.  Rather, He wanted them soley relishing, sucking and draining out, the single totality of the sweetness of His lovingkindness in the power of the protection, the power of broken chains of bondage, in all that His goodness was in the feast of Passover, in the sacrifice of the Lamb.  He wanted them relishing this, literally, in their mindset, as a faith being established – cemented, if you will – through SEVEN days of this FEAST, literally, a celebration of Passover with “matztzah”/ “Unleavened(bread)“, a celebration of enjoyed sweetness of Heaven, of YHVH their God!  (There is way too much to say and unveil concerning the Number “seven”.  The Hebrew verb  “to sware” (an oath), used as the LORD “swearing” to Abraham to give to his seed promised inheritance, is rooted in the Hebrew number for seven.  The Hebrew word also connotes “rest”, referring to when God finished creation and rested on the 7th day.  Thus it refers to “finished” … does more need to be said … Was not one of the real Passover Lamb’s final words on the cross, “FINISHED!“ ?).

     It is true that this generation missed the LORD’s intention and purpose for their lives as a Kingdom people… save Joshua – YeHoshua – (and Caleb).  The Passover and the following seven day hush-up don’t say a word about how big the enemy appears March around Jericho would fulfill the “Feast of Unleavened Bread’s” Divine intention … because that young generation believed and therefore got to see at the “FINISHED” of those seven days just how much Bigger, stronger, mightier, their God was, IS, than all the gods of the land of giants they were possessing.  That generation, because of a marked heart scar in Joshua and Caleb at this Passover and Unleavened Bread in Egypt, in Mitzraim, got to relish the sweetness of the KINGDOM of God mentality … in possessing promised inheritance.

     God our Father’s heart is ALWAYS towards us, always, by His Holy Spirit inside of us, encouraging us to simply trust His love.  (Josh. 1:9; Jer. 29:11; Mat. 28;20b).  Even if we have been stalemated in the past, no matter how recent or how thick, in unbelief, His Grace, because of just how great is the Grace of the Blood of Jesus that covers us and ever speaks “IT IS FINISHED/GRACE/ALLOWED TO INHERIT”, allows us to “forget the things that are behind and reach forward to what lies ahead”, because, “though the righteous fall, they are not utterly cast headlong”, (Phil. 3:13; Ps. 37:23-25a) .  This issue isn’t “effort” to believe, only a simple holding out your hand, your heart, to your Awesome Loving Shepherd, The Author AND the Finisher/Completer of Faith, of your faith(Ps. 23; Jhn 10:28-29; Heb. 12:2a; Phil. 1:6) .  Open up the Word and your heart Beloved Dear One, and ask the Father to unveil the Cross, the Lamb that was slain, all that is His amazing love already poured out in your heart by Holy Spirit who already dwells in you.  You will be surprised and awed by the working of His Spirit inside of you to remove all the leaven of the kingdom of this age, as you relish increasingly the unleavened Bread of our Passover Lamb.  You may even be shocked to find that YOU are becoming the very Unleavened Bread the world starts to relish … as they behold the Lamb of God in your very countenance and life. (I Cor. 5:7).

             “Do not be afraid, little flock,                                                                                                         for your Father is pleased to give you the kingdom.”                                                                                                     Luke 12:32 (Berean Study Bible)

You are so Greatly Loved, Beloved!  

Mark